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- <text id=89TT2883>
- <title>
- Nov. 06, 1989: A Capitalist's Guide To Capital Gains
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 06, 1989 The Big Break
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 108
- A Capitalist's Guide to Capital Gains
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Michael Kinsley
- </p>
- <p> Let's not even talk about fairness. Almost no one disputes
- that most of the benefit of the proposed tax break forcapital
- gains -- profits from the sale of investment assetssuch as
- stocks and real estate -- would go to people withincomes of more
- than $200,000 a year, or that the averageperson in that pleasant
- category would save $25,000 a yearin taxes. The dispute is
- whether this break (which haspassed the House and is currently
- stalled in the Senate) would be so good for the economy that we
- would all prosperfrom it, making resistance on fairness grounds
- foolish.
- </p>
- <p> True? The answer to that is another question: Do you
- believe in free-market capitalism? Do you think the best recipe
- for prosperity is minimum Government interference in the
- economy? Devotees of the capital-gains break usually claim to
- be enthusiastic free-marketeers. Let us take them at their word.
- Does the capital-gains break make sense from a free-market point
- of view?
- </p>
- <p> The ideal free-market tax system would be no taxes at all.
- Taxes discourage productive activity: working, saving,
- investing. Even President Bush, though, seems to recognize that
- we can't borrow the entire federal budget. So taxes are
- necessary. In real life, the ideal free-market tax system is one
- where taxes affect people's economic decisions as little as
- possible. That is, a tax system that leaves the world looking
- as much as possible like one with no taxes at all.
- </p>
- <p> Such a tax system has two features. First, rates as low as
- possible. At this late date in the supply-side revolution, you
- don't need any more sermons about the evil effects of high tax
- rates. But there is a second, equally important feature. Tax
- rates should be the same on alternative forms of economic
- activity. If plumbers are taxed more than electricians, there
- will be fewer plumbers and more electricians than the free
- market would dictate. If a tax break goes to timber but not to
- steel, investment flows out of the steel industry and into the
- timber industry. In either case, the Government is overriding
- the free market and dictating the shape of the economy just as
- surely as if it did so directly. Except that doing so directly
- is called "socialism" (or at least "industrial policy"), whereas
- doing the same thing through tax breaks is called "a
- pro-business attitude."
- </p>
- <p> There is nothing magical or unique about capital gains. A
- special break for this particular form of investment profit
- distorts the free market in two ways. First, it prejudices the
- economy in favor of certain kinds of investment. Those who say
- we need to encourage entrepreneurs or long-term investors with
- this break (which actually would reserve few of its benefits for
- those charmed circles) are saying the Government can outguess
- the market about which investments will pay off. If a risky or
- long-term investment makes more sense than keeping money in a
- savings account, the market will reward it without any special
- incentives. Or at least, you'd better believe it will, if you
- want to call yourself a free-marketeer.
- </p>
- <p> Second, billions of dollars (not to mention vast reservoirs
- of human ingenuity) can be wasted turning disfavored forms of
- income into favored forms. The essential function of the
- tax-shelter industry was converting ordinary income into capital
- gains, before the gains break was eliminated in the 1986 tax
- reform.
- </p>
- <p> Although they are now ostensibly taxed at the same rate as
- other income, capital gains already get favored treatment in
- two ways. First, they are only taxed when an investment is sold,
- unlike interest and dividends, which are taxed every year. An
- ideal free-market tax system would leave an investor indifferent
- between, say, a savings account paying 10% a year and a stock
- expected to rise 10% a year. But tax-free compounding means
- that, for a top-bracket taxpayer the after-tax profit on the
- stock will be 45% bigger after 20 years.
- </p>
- <p> Second, most capital gains are never taxed at all! There is
- no tax when the owner dies before the asset is sold. The profit
- on inherited property is measured only from the moment it was
- inherited. This is a huge loophole, costing the Government more
- than $5 billion a year in lost revenue.
- </p>
- <p> Our current tax system discriminates against capital gains
- in one way: it ignores inflation. If a stock has doubled during
- a time when the general price level has also doubled, the real
- profit is zero, but you'll pay a capital-gains tax anyway when
- you sell. Of course, the same is true of interest -- an 8%
- return on a money-market fund at a time of 5% inflation is
- really only 3% -- but no one is proposing to do anything about
- that. Furthermore, no one is proposing to limit the deduction
- for interest paid. In a world with no taxes, it would not make
- sense to borrow at 10% for an investment that will pay only 8%.
- If the tax system adjusts profits for inflation but not
- borrowing costs, such a topsy-turvy investment can suddenly
- become a brilliant tax shelter. If you believe in the free
- market, that makes no sense.
- </p>
- <p> One other factor makes capital gains different from other
- forms of income: you can generally choose when to take them. In
- a world with no taxes, an investor would trade one investment
- for another whenever he or she thought the new one would be more
- profitable. In the real world, people hold on to investments
- they would otherwise trade in order to avoid paying the tax.
- That makes the economy less efficient. A tax break for capital
- gains would reduce this so-called lock-in effect.(Although,
- please note, this is exactly the opposite of one argument
- usually heard for a capital-gains break -- that we need to
- encourage long-term investment.) What would reduce the lock-in
- effect even more, however -- without adding to the favorable
- treatment capital gains already enjoy -- would be to tax capital
- gains at death. People would then know that their gains could
- not escape tax forever.
- </p>
- <p> From a free-market perspective, then, there is no
- justification for a special tax break for capital gains. If
- advocates of a capital-gains break wish to concede that they are
- socialists engaged in large-scale Government intervention in the
- economy, we can start again from the top on that basis. Of
- course, if we're talking socialism, it will be a lot harder to
- avoid the fairness issue.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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